: A non-equilibrium state where more atoms exist in an excited state than in a lower energy state, achieved through "pumping" (optical, electrical, or chemical).

Note: Always respect copyright laws. The author, William T. Silfvast (1937–2021), was a leading physicist at CREOL (The College of Optics & Photonics at UCF), and purchasing the text supports continued research in the field.

Laser Fundamentals Silfvast Pdf !full!

: A non-equilibrium state where more atoms exist in an excited state than in a lower energy state, achieved through "pumping" (optical, electrical, or chemical).

Note: Always respect copyright laws. The author, William T. Silfvast (1937–2021), was a leading physicist at CREOL (The College of Optics & Photonics at UCF), and purchasing the text supports continued research in the field.