Animal welfare refers to the physical and psychological well-being of animals. It encompasses their living conditions, health, and treatment. The Five Freedoms, a widely accepted framework, outline the basic needs of animals:

From the ethics of keeping orcas in marine parks to the "pay-to-pet" industry involving tiger cubs, the use of animals for profit and amusement is increasingly viewed as outdated. Similarly, habitat loss and the illegal wildlife trade pose existential threats to biodiversity. The Shift Toward Legal Personhood